Interpretivism+-+Lynn

=Interpretivistic Model #1= While pondering organizations that may be Interpretivistic, the U.S. Supreme Court springs to mind. There are standardized aspects of the court system to be certain, but justices are called upon to render their interpretations of Constitutional law after considering opposing viewpoints and positions. This seemingly represents Interpretivism as a two-way street. Justices study two sides of an argument, striving to understand both sides of a case. Their job is to remain objective, but by the time a case reaches this level, there may be many interpretations of one law, and they will each bring to the table their collective personal and shared experiences to agree on a final decision. (See article excerpt below.) [] The rationale that JOHN MARSHALL provided for constitutional review in MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) declared that the Constitution is law and that the courts as courts of law are obliged to apply its dictates, even when the consequence is invalidation of a duly enacted statute. JUDICIAL REVIEW has, of course, evolved into a major pillar of the American governmental system, but exercise of the power has never ceased to arouse controversy. Marshall used several examples of clear violations of explicit constitutional language to bolster the case for judicial review, but such easy cases seldom get to court. In cases that typically do get to court, the constitutional language leaves room for doubt and debate, and the consequent clash between democratic decision making and judicial choice has been a focal point of an ongoing national concern about judicial review. Robert W. Bennet, 1992
 * INTERPRETIVISM (in the Supreme Court) **

=Interpretivistic Model #2= Clif Bar & Company develops and produces natural and organic energy foods. It was the vision of one man that has evolved into a major force in its market. While I'm certain that the company has positivistic characteristics at its foundation, it is unique in the way that it __expects__ its employees to bring their personal life experiences into the workplace. The company fosters this expectation by encouraging the work force to flex their hours in order to incorporate outdoor activities into the work week, as well as offering extended leave time to pursue adventure-based vacations. Employees are asked to continually contribute their thoughts based on personal knowledge and experience. Leadership is committed to fostering an environment that leads to perpetual internal motivation. Through hiring staff that mirrors its target market, Clif Bar & Company have adopted an interpretivistic model for progress and innovation. []

=Interpretivistic Model #3= I used General Electric as a Positivistic organizational model, but I am also going to use it here. General Electric, much like the educational organizational setting, relies on positivistic models for its structure and standardization, but allows for a great deal of interpretivism in its encouragement of individual contribution for innovations and design. This model is very reminiscent of the 'open system' as described in "Organizations and the System Concept" (Katz & Kahn, p. 480). The organization relies on energic input, through-put, and output, which then refuels the energic input to create a productive cycle. This link brings you to the page below, where you can click on any of the thumbnails to learn more about the innovations of General Electric. [] =Interpretivistic Model #4= The **Policital arena** seems to me to be a highly Interpretivistic realm. Within policital parties, there are group dynamics that operate from shared experiences while stressing the importance of the individual within an organization.While I'm not sure that political parties fall under the "seeking to understand rather than explain" mantra, they do present a wide variety of versions and perceptions on any topic imaginable. At times, they follow the positivistic framework that deems only one "best right answer", but they also have developed a 'culture' that is born of shared ideas, experiences, and individual renditions of many opinions, which particulary fits Schein's description of Organizational Culture (p. 363). [] []

Political Party Platforms
//OK, you may affiliate with one particular political party, but be honest -- are you really aware of where the party stands on all the issues? Or for that matter, where the opposition stands? Check out the handy table below for a list of party plarforms.//
 * ** Issue ** || ** Republican Party **  || ** Democratic Party **  || **Libertarian Party** ||   ||
 * Social Security || Social security should be privatized (not to be confused with private savings accounts, but rather, private investments). || Social security should remain a government sponsored insurance plan for retirees. || Believe in an "opt out" policy in which one can choose to privately invest (they believe this to be the better option) or go with a government sponsored social security plan. ||
 * Jobs || Pro small business. Supports giving small businesses tax incentives so that more jobs can be created. || Encourage businesses to keep jobs here and not outsource them overseas. Supports unions and advocates for the rights of low income workers. || Free market should dictate the job market. ||
 * Economy || Supports free market competition and entrepreneurship, corporate deregulation and cutting entitlement spending. || Increase taxes to cut deficit. Believes large deficit negatively affects government services and that low deficits stimulate the economy. || 100% Free Market. ||
 * Security/Defense || Believe in a proactive military and defense. Supports building weapons and technology that serve to protect our nation. Believe that peace is achieved through strong defense. Increase defense and research budget. || Believe in a limited missile defense. Oppose nuclear buildup in the U.S. Believe that peace is achieved through worldwide relationship building. || Believe in reducing nuclear arms in the U.S. Military should be used to protect people's livery and property only. ||
 * Legal/Tort Reform || Supports tort reform and limiting victims compensation, especially for frivolous lawsuits. || Oppose tort reform and oppose limiting liability of doctors and/or businesses. || Generally does not support tort reform. ||
 * Tax Reform || Supports tax cuts, low interest rates and the repeal of the death tax penalty in effort to stimulate the economy. || Generally supports raising taxes on the wealthy, lowering taxes for the middle class. || Stridently opposes all government imposed taxes and employer withdrawal of employees money for tax purposes. ||
 * Immigration || Generally supports closed or tight borders and tracking system for foreign travelers. || Support illegal alien's ability and right to become citizens and giving them more protections under the law. || Support open borders. ||
 * Faith || Religion strongly associated with Republican party. Advocate free exercise of religion. || Strict adherence between the separation between church and state. Promote secular issues and a more secular nation. || Strong belief in separation of church and state and by contrast, Libertarians hold a strong belief in freedom of religion. ||
 * Education || Promote school choice/vouchers and homeschooling. Supports voluntary student supported prayer in school. Opposes gender and race quotes in colleges. || Oppose vouchers. Increase NCLB federal funding. Enact new taxes to decrease class size and hire new teachers. || End government financial support of public schools, believe that all public schools should be privatized with tax credit for tuition. ||
 * Abortion || Generally pro-life with emphasis on promoting alternatives to abortion. || Generally pro-choice owning the mantra, "Safe, legal, rare." || Adamantly pro-choice but oppose any government financial aid to subsidize abortions. ||
 * Energy || Oppose Kyoto treaty. Support tax incentives for energy production. || Wish to find environmentally friendly energy sources and solutions. Oppose increased drilling, especially in the U.S. || Supports deregulation and believes all government energy resources should be turned over to private ownership. Opposes government conservation of energy. ||
 * Heathcare || Keep healthcare private. Would like to impose caps on malpractice suits. Supports reformed medicare to give seniors more choices. || Supports more federally funded healthcare programs. || Strongly supports a complete separation of healthcare and state. Supports the deregulation of the healthcare industry. ||
 * Foreign Policy || Spread Democracy. Supports UN reform. Wants to stop WMD proliferation countries. Believe that nations who support terrorist are just as bad as the terrorist themselves. || Strongly supports worldwide coalitions and multi-national programs. Supports aid for disadvantaged countries. Supports the UN. || End all foreign aid because it's the same as welfare for nations. Believes that aid perpetuates independence on your government. ||
 * Campaign Finance Reform || Generally support soft money contributions from individuals but supports limiting it from corporations. Also supports full disclosure. || Favor more regulation with spending limits on individuals and corporations. || No restrictions on contributions form any legal resident. Believe that politicians holding an office should not be able to run for another seat until term is over. ||
 * Environment || Supports privatizing federal land. Believe in cap and trade market based air pollution reductions and that the market should regulate itself. || Generally puts the interest of the environment over business. Wants to maintain federal land under government control. || Believes that land and animals should be sold to private organizations or ranchers and taken out of the hands of the government because private citizens will care for it better. ||
 * Guns || Limited gun control. || Strict gun control. || No control whatsoever. ||
 * Gay Rights || Oppose gay marriage. Supports constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. || Generally supports gay marriage although Democrats remain largely divided on the issue, as some only support civil unions. || Pro private choice and equality including marriage. ||  ||

Interpretivism